A dispute over Greenland and competing visions for Arctic security exposed growing strains between the United States and its European allies at the 2026 Arctic Circle Assembly, with Washington pushing to expand its military footprint and develop regional resources while European officials stressed sovereignty, strategic autonomy and environmental protection.
The three-day gathering, which concluded on Saturday in Reykjavik, Iceland, highlighted a widening trust gap within the transatlantic alliance. Although security cooperation remains a central concern, US President Donald Trump’s repeated calls to take control of Greenland, an autonomous territory of Denmark, have complicated efforts to build a common approach to the region.
Despite a security agreement signed by the United States, Denmark and Greenland in New York in September to expand the US military presence on the strategic Arctic island, concerns over Washington’s intentions remain.
At Thursday's opening ceremony, Alaska Governor Mike Dunleavy said the United States was investing billions of dollars to strengthen its military presence in the state. He also outlined plans to work with allies on Arctic ports, airports and shipping networks that could serve military needs.
"I think it makes sense to modernize your military assets, but that doesn't mean you're gearing up for a conflict. A lot of times when you have the assets there, there's actually more cooperation and less conflict. I know that sounds contradictory, but we see in other parts of the world," said Dunleavy in an interview.
For some US allies, however, concerns over Washington's respect for their sovereignty have complicated security cooperation.
Since returning to the White House in 2025, US President Donald Trump has repeatedly expressed his intention to take control of Greenland, an autonomous territory of Denmark. Despite a new security agreement reached by the United States, Denmark and Greenland in September, trust among the allies has yet to recover.
"I would say we've been under the threat of US for the last almost seven years. So it's been like a dysfunctional relationship. And just overnight, you had to be best friends with the US again. So it will take time to build up trust, to be honest," said Aja Chemnitz, former member of Greenland's Parliament.
The United States, Denmark and its autonomous territory of Greenland signed an agreement in New York to expand the US military presence on the strategic Arctic island.
The agreement sparked concerns over whether increased military presence will uphold Arctic stability or heighten geopolitical tensions.
"I still think the Arctic remains a relatively low-threat region for armed conflict. But tensions have increased, and the possibility of miscalculation and unintended consequences of actions has gone up, and so we are right to be worried about security in the Arctic," said David Balton, a Senior Fellow with the Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center's Arctic Initiative.
"We are a contributor of stability, so because we are very much interested in keeping the Arctic as an area of low tension, so we see that the geopolitical situation in the world is becoming more tense, and so the Arctic should be preserved as an area of stability and cooperation," said Agostino Pinna, Italy's Special Envoy for the Arctic from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
Founded in 2013 by then-Icelandic President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson, the Arctic Circle holds its annual assembly in Iceland every October and serves as a major international platform for dialogue on Arctic affairs.